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Architecture 170A |
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Palatine Chapel, Aachen St. Gall Monastery, Switzerland Cathedral, Essen S. Michael, Hildesheim Church of Ste. Foy, Conques Cathedral, Pisa Cathedral, Durham |
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European architecture in the early Middle Ages I. Celts and Vikings among the peoples whose nonclassical art predominated in northern and western Europe after the fall of Rome. Small scale of rare stone buildings as seen in Monastery, Glendalough (Ireland), 9th century. II. Carolingian architecture. Revival of monumental stone architecture during the reign of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor. Palatine Chapel, Aachen (Germany), 794-804, built for Otto of Metz: recollection of galleried octagon of San Vitale in Ravenna to legitimate imperial rule. Combination of sacred and secular authority with throne-room located in chapel rather than palace. Recollection of Roman triumphal arch and classical orders in Gateway, Lorsch (Germany), c 800. Institutional growth of monasticism as demonstrated by Plan of St. Gall, c 820: ideal plan for a large monastery with diverse building types. III. Ottonian architecture. Reptition in Westwork (towered facade with interior chapel or gallery), Cathedral, Essen (Germany), c 1000-50, of Palatine Chapel, as an emblem of Abbess Mathilde's right to rule over the convent and the town. Basilica form of St. Michael’s, Hildesheim (Germany), 1001-33, built by Bishop Bernward: apsed east and west works with transepts capped by crossing towers; introduction of Byzantine gallery in transepts. IV. Romanesque
(typically round-arched) architecture; stone construction on a ancient Roman
scale. Popularity of pilgrimages. Provincial way-stations
in which these travelers stayed included Church of Ste. Foy;
Conques (France), c 1050-1130: Last Judgement portal,
barrel-vaulted nave, second-story gallery, and ambulatory between apse and
additional chapels. Growth of cities through foreign trade reflected in
richness and scale of Cathedral (1063-1118 ff, designed
by Busketos), Pisa (Italy). Multi-colored marble
revetment of all interior and exterior surfaces; blind arcading as exterior
ornament; in plan a five-aisled basilica with triple-aisled naves and apsed
transepts; three-story interior elevation: arcade, gallery, and
clerestory. Roman details of this church versus less elegant but more
innovative Cathedral, Durham (England), 1093 -1133
built by Bishop William of St. Calais. Norman
architecture after William the Conqueror's successful invasion of England in
1066. Ability to build on a new scale used to assert and maintain
authority over a conquered people. Technological innovations which lead
to Gothic -- ribbed vaulting, flying buttress, and pointed arch -- balanced
by rugged Romanesque aesthetic |
